The Rock Art of Orissa

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The Rock Art of Orissa dates back to as early on as the primeval era. The initial reported are the rock refuge of Vikramkhol in Jharsuguda district. The cells fascinated men to survive there, who ornamented these rock shelters by means of paintings and engravings in a variety of geometrical form and figures of human and animals.

Most of these locate are set up in the hills of Sundergarh, Jharsuguda, Sambalpur and Kalahandi. The rock proclamation at Dhauli, Jaugad and the archeological treasures found at quarry sites of Sisupalgarh bear witness to the earliest exceedingly urbanized sculptural art of Orissa which cover a phase of nearly 2000 years.

The fore-part of an element, cerved out of solid rock at Dhauli signify the earliest sculpture in Orissa. With the ascent of Kharavel (Chedi dynasty) in the first century BC caves were prepared to cut in the solid rocks for the utilization of Jain ascetics. The caves of Khandagiri and Udayagiri ornamented with extremely artistic huge panels that depict a stunning picture of the contemporary society find extraordinary mention in the rock cut architecture of India.

Figures of Jain Tirthankars and Sasanadevas with their emblem have been set up in caves in Puri, Keonjhar, Balasore and Koraput districts. The caves comprise of one or more cells and a handful of them are fronted by verandahs with pillars.

The Buddhist sculptural art urbanized with Emperor Ashoka from 261 BC to about 12th Century AD. With the transform of Mahayana form of Buddhism to Vajrayan, the resourceful intelligence of the artists yet again attained its crest as reflected by Buddhist sculptures of Lalitgiri, Udayagiri and Ratnagiri.
Sculptures which represent Boddhisatva and Avalokiteswara in diverse forms together with Buddha images, stupas and monasteries were the chief constituent of the in the early hours of medieval Orissan sculptural art.

Nonetheless, the art found its superlative expression represented by the sculptures pertaining to a range of sects of Hinduism in Orissa, the Saivism, Vaishnavism and Shaktism (represented by Durga and her special forms). The Sailodbhava, the Bhaumakaras, the Somavansis and the famous Gangas are predominantly known for temple building. The sculptures and splendid carvings on the temples at Bhubaneswar, Puri and Konark are the most excellent examples of the glorious past of Orissa.

The sculptures of nayika and mithuna figures, yakshas and yakhis (the male and female deities related with ancient fertility cults), heavenly musicians, human poses and expressions, elephants, horses, soldiers and those depict everyday themes, like hunting, dancing, games and family life. Subsequent to the fall of the Gangas, sculpture in Orissa mislaid as an art form.

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